Asian Jr. of Microbiol. Biotech. Env. Sc. Vol. 16, No.
(2)
: 2014 : 241-245
© Global Science Publications
ISSN-0972-3005
USE OF ANTIBIOTIC AND PROBIOTIC CONTROLLING WATER
QUALITY, GROWTH AND SUVIVAL OF SHRIMP LARVAE PENAEUS
MONODON FABRICIUS
PATANG
Agricultural Technology
Education Courses Faculty of Engineering Makasar State University South
Sulawesy, Indonesia
(Received : 23 November, 2013; accepted
: 24 December, 2013)
Key words : Shrimp, Antibiotics, Probiotics, Growth and survival
Abstract–This study is aimed to
determine the role of
the use
of antibiotics
and probiotics
in controlling water quality maintenance, growth and survival of shrimp larvae. This
study was an experimental study with application of 1 ppm Oxytetracyclin antibiotic and probiotic
bacillus at a dose of 0.75 ppm, 1 ppm and
1.25 ppm. Test animals used were shrimp larvae PL-5 which were maintained in 60 L plastic container
volume and 9 days after maintenance carried out sampling and day 14 in the total harvest. Biological study
of shrimps were tested
include growth and survival.
Results showed media for maintenance
of water
quality such as temperature,
salinity, pH, oxygen ppm, NH3, nitrite, nitrate, and BOT has a value that
can be tolerated for the life
of shrimp
larvae. Furthermore, growth
at the
end of
the study
showed that the highest
growth was obtained
on treatment B 0.128 g, followed
by 0.089 g treatment
A, treatment
C was 0.074 g and
the lowest growth
in the
D treatment (control)
of 0.010
gr.
While the highest survival rate
of shrimp
test animals highest in treatment C was 84.8%, followed
by 78.6% D treatment,
treatment A was 78.4% and
77.2% for treatment B.
INTRODUCTION
Growth in simple terms can
be defined
as length
or weight
gain over time. Rounsefell and Ecarhart (1967 in
Idris, 1999) says that the
growth of
shrimp can be predicted based on the size of the increase in the time and frequency of change of skin. However
Disease is a pathogenic condition of the body characterized by histological or physiological disorders (Mayer 1983 in Rantetondok, (2002). According to Taslihan (1988, in Bakhtiar (2004), the disease is a disorder of the function of a part or the whole organ.
The occurrence of the disease in organisms including shrimp farming is the result of interaction between the host (the host), the body of disease- causing (pathogenic) and the environment. The disease is caused by optimal less cultivation. Thus, the necessary condition (environment) which is ideal for the cultivation of shrimp larvae were cultivation continuity (Lightner, 1983, in Bakhtiar,
2004). The incidence of disease associated with environmental conditions. Pathogenic microorganisms such as fungi, protozoa, bacteria and viruses will develop rapidly and cause disease if supported by the unfavorable environment.
Chen, et al., (1995) suggested specific symptoms WSSV infected shrimp is the presence of white spots on the carapace, the foot, the base of the tail even onthe entire surface of the skin.
One of the efforts in disease control is with antibiotics and or probiotics. The use of antibiotic compounds in the prevention of disease and spur in the growth of aquatic animals causes selective
pressure on microbes and stimulate the emergence of bacterial resistance hence its control becomes
more difficult (White et al., in Irianto (2003). While Probiotics or decomposing bacteria are
microorganisms that have been isolated and developed mass conditions are still healthy with
biological functions and faalnya still patent (Galugu, 2008). In relation to the above, the research has been done on the use of antibiotics at the same time is control the quality of water in the larval rearing medium shrimp.
The occurrence of the disease in organisms including shrimp farming is the result of interaction between the host (the host), the body of disease- causing (pathogenic) and the environment. The disease is caused by optimal less cultivation. Thus, the necessary condition (environment) which is ideal for the cultivation of shrimp larvae were cultivation continuity (Lightner, 1983, in Bakhtiar,
2004). The incidence of disease associated with environmental conditions. Pathogenic microorganisms such as fungi, protozoa, bacteria and viruses will develop rapidly and cause disease if supported by the unfavorable environment.
Chen, et al., (1995) suggested specific symptoms WSSV infected shrimp is the presence of white spots on the carapace, the foot, the base of the tail even onthe entire surface of the skin.
One of the efforts in disease control is with antibiotics and or probiotics. The use of antibiotic compounds in the prevention of disease and spur in the growth of aquatic animals causes selective
pressure on microbes and stimulate the emergence of bacterial resistance hence its control becomes
more difficult (White et al., in Irianto (2003). While Probiotics or decomposing bacteria are
microorganisms that have been isolated and developed mass conditions are still healthy with
biological functions and faalnya still patent (Galugu, 2008). In relation to the above, the research has been done on the use of antibiotics at the same time is control the quality of water in the larval rearing medium shrimp.
METHOD
The research was conducted in July-October 2011 in the Laboratory of Agricultural Polytechnic State Wet Pangkep. This study was an experimental study with application of 1 ppm Oxytetracyclin antibiotic and probiotic Bacillus at a doses of 0.75 mg/L, 1 ppm and 1.25 mg/L. Test animals used were shrimp larvae PL-5 which were obtained from the hatchery. Sea water were taken from the tank is pumped into the tub filter and treated with 35 ppm chlorine for 24 hours. Subsequently neutralized with sodium thiosulfate with strong aeration. Once neutral, put water in the development of volume 60 L plastic containers, each filled with 50 liters for each experimental unit (Galugu, 2008).
Each unit container filled with clean seawater experiments that have been filtered by the filter 15 micron filter bag and treated (treatment), PL-3 fry included 500 individuals (density of 10 fish/L) (Galugu, 2008). Adapted fry for 24 hours and give the appropriate commercial feed shrimp mouth opening as much as 6 times per day as much as 1 ppm. cultivation is then performed with the probiotic bacillus for each trial based on the dose and administration of antibiotics Oxytetracyclin tested at 1 ppm. After 5 days of cultivation of performed sampling (5 days after probiotic and antibiotic treatment) for weighed (Galugu, 2008). High turnover of water carried by 50%, and re-treated with probiotics and antibiotics were tested at each treatment and continued cultivation of. On day 9 samples were taken for re-weighing and made the turn at 50% water, and re-treated with probiotics and antibiotics until day 14 (PL-14). During cultivation of given aeration and feed residue and suck dirt was done every day. During cultivation of treatment with probiotics and antibiotics, water quality measurements that include physical and chemical parameters as listed in Table 1. Biological study of shrimps were tested include growth and survival. Growth is calculated using the formula absolute growth of Ricker (1979) in Idris (2010) as follows: W = Wt - Wo
where:
W = Absolute growth (g)
Wo = Test fish weight (biomass) of fish at the beginning of the study (g)
Wt = Test fish weight (biomass) of fish at the end of the study (g)
Whereas the survival rate was calculated using the formula according Chusing (1968), namely:
Nt
SR = × 100%
No
where:
SR = Survival (%)
Nt = Number of fish at the end of the study
(head)
No = Number of fish at the beginning of the study (head)
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
Water Quality
Water quality can be broadly defined as any physical factors, which affect the chemical and biological water use for human benefit either directly or indirectly. So, all the water kerasteristik affecting survival, growth and management of the variable nature of the organism include water quality (Boyd, 1982 in Asni, 2001).
pH of Water
The degree of acidity is a measure of hydrogen ion concentration and indicates whether the water atmosphere reacts acidic or alkaline. pH scale has rows 0-14, and pH of 7 is neutral means the water is not acidic or alkaline. Degree of acidity of water essential for life shrimp, because it can affect the process and speed of chemical reactions in the water as well as biochemical reactions in the body shrimp (Saeni, 1989).
The research was conducted in July-October 2011 in the Laboratory of Agricultural Polytechnic State Wet Pangkep. This study was an experimental study with application of 1 ppm Oxytetracyclin antibiotic and probiotic Bacillus at a doses of 0.75 mg/L, 1 ppm and 1.25 mg/L. Test animals used were shrimp larvae PL-5 which were obtained from the hatchery. Sea water were taken from the tank is pumped into the tub filter and treated with 35 ppm chlorine for 24 hours. Subsequently neutralized with sodium thiosulfate with strong aeration. Once neutral, put water in the development of volume 60 L plastic containers, each filled with 50 liters for each experimental unit (Galugu, 2008).
Each unit container filled with clean seawater experiments that have been filtered by the filter 15 micron filter bag and treated (treatment), PL-3 fry included 500 individuals (density of 10 fish/L) (Galugu, 2008). Adapted fry for 24 hours and give the appropriate commercial feed shrimp mouth opening as much as 6 times per day as much as 1 ppm. cultivation is then performed with the probiotic bacillus for each trial based on the dose and administration of antibiotics Oxytetracyclin tested at 1 ppm. After 5 days of cultivation of performed sampling (5 days after probiotic and antibiotic treatment) for weighed (Galugu, 2008). High turnover of water carried by 50%, and re-treated with probiotics and antibiotics were tested at each treatment and continued cultivation of. On day 9 samples were taken for re-weighing and made the turn at 50% water, and re-treated with probiotics and antibiotics until day 14 (PL-14). During cultivation of given aeration and feed residue and suck dirt was done every day. During cultivation of treatment with probiotics and antibiotics, water quality measurements that include physical and chemical parameters as listed in Table 1. Biological study of shrimps were tested include growth and survival. Growth is calculated using the formula absolute growth of Ricker (1979) in Idris (2010) as follows: W = Wt - Wo
where:
W = Absolute growth (g)
Wo = Test fish weight (biomass) of fish at the beginning of the study (g)
Wt = Test fish weight (biomass) of fish at the end of the study (g)
Whereas the survival rate was calculated using the formula according Chusing (1968), namely:
Nt
SR = × 100%
No
where:
SR = Survival (%)
Nt = Number of fish at the end of the study
(head)
No = Number of fish at the beginning of the study (head)
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
Water Quality
Water quality can be broadly defined as any physical factors, which affect the chemical and biological water use for human benefit either directly or indirectly. So, all the water kerasteristik affecting survival, growth and management of the variable nature of the organism include water quality (Boyd, 1982 in Asni, 2001).
pH of Water
The degree of acidity is a measure of hydrogen ion concentration and indicates whether the water atmosphere reacts acidic or alkaline. pH scale has rows 0-14, and pH of 7 is neutral means the water is not acidic or alkaline. Degree of acidity of water essential for life shrimp, because it can affect the process and speed of chemical reactions in the water as well as biochemical reactions in the body shrimp (Saeni, 1989).
Table 1. Parameters, units and measuring
instruments of water quality
|
Parameter
|
Measurement
/
method
|
Frequency measurement
|
|
Temperature (oC)
|
Thermometer
|
every day
|
|
Salinity (mg/L)
|
Refractometer
|
Every five days
|
|
pH
|
pH meter
|
every daye
|
|
Dissolved oxygen (mg/L)
|
DO meter
|
very day
|
|
Total organic matter
(mg/L)
|
Titrimetric
|
Every five days
|
|
Nitrite (mg/L)
|
Spectrophotometer
|
Every five days
|
|
Nitrate (mg/L)
|
Spectrophotometer
|
Every five days
|
|
Ammonia (mg/L)
|
Spectrophotometer
|
Every five days
|
pH of water for optimum value showed both morning and afternoon with a range of 7.33 to 7.47 for all treatments despite the lowest pH occurred in treatment D (control) to the distance between the morning and afternoon pH of 0.12, treatment A (Oxytetracyclin 1 ppm and 0.75 ppm probiotics) with a pH range of between morning and afternoon of 0.002, treatment B (Oxytetracyclin 1 ppm and 1 ppm pro biotic) distance between the morning and afternoon pH of 0.03, and treatment C (Oxytetracyclin 1 ppm and pro biotic 1.25 ppm) with a pH range of 0.02 in the morning and afternoon, and since according to Poernomo (1979) state that pH values <5 resulted shrimp suffocate due to coagulation of mucus on the gills of shrimp Water Temperature (oC) Temperature is one of the factors that determine the growth and survival of shrimp. Water temperature affects physiological health and psikhologik shrimp, affect the speed of chemical 522 reactions and biochemical shrimp and shrimp also affect metabolic rate. Sudden changes in temperature of 2°C will greatly affect aquatic organisms causing shrimp stress, and decreased appetite, if the condition is prolonged will slow the growth rate of shrimp to shrimp endurance greatly decreased (Poernomo, 1999). The water temperature during the cultivation showed that the optimal value for the growth and survival of shrimp larvae for all treatments. A treatment showed values of 30.63°C temperature in the morning while the afternoon at 29.45°C with the distance between the morning and afternoon at 1.18o C, treatment B has a value of 31.61°C temperature morning and afternoon at 29.40 with a distance of 2.21 oC, treatment C temperature of 30.66°C in the morning and afternoon at 29.55°C with a distance of 1.11°C, and D tr eatment temperature of 31oC morning and afternoon with a distance of 29.55oC and 2.56oC. Of all the tested treatments, the treatment temperature range D (control) which has morning and afternoon highs by 2.56o C. According to (Boyd, 1982 in Asni, 2001) showed that the general rule of chemical and biological reactions increased two-fold for every
10°C increase in temperature of. This may imply that the water body will use twice as much oxygen at 30oC compared to 20oC. Life events and shrimp growth both directly and indirectly affected by changes in temperature. Certain limits on shrimp growth rate increases with increasing temperature, while the survival rate decreases at higher temperatures (Cholik, 1976 in Bakhtiar, 2004). Dissolved Oxygen (ppm) Dissolved oxygen is a basic requirement for plant and animal life in the water. An organism requires dissolved oxygen concentrations large enough for the growth and survival of life (Boyd, 1982 in Asni, 2004). Meanwhile, Wardoyo (1978) state that oxygen is essential for aquatic respiration others. Furthermore. Water oxygen during the study showed the value of shrimp larvae suitable for life because it has a range of between 5.29 to 6.60 mg/L. A treatment had 5.73 mg/L of dissolved oxygen in the afternoon and 6.49 mg/L in the morning with the distance between the morning and afternoon at 0.76 mg/L, treatment B afternoon dissolved oxygen value of 6.60 mg/L and at 6.30 am mg/L to 0.30 mg/L range, treatment C afternoon dissolved oxygen values of 6.25 mg/L and 5.87 mg/L in the morning with the distance between the morning and afternoon at 0.38 mg/L, further treatment D value of 5.87 mg/L oxygen afternoon and morning at 5.29 mg/L with the distance between the morning and afternoon at 0.58 ppm. Poernomo (1979) stated that oxygen is needed for respiration process, to be able to live and grow with the normal shrimp need oxygen dissolved in the water no less dri 3.5 mg/L. Waters with oxygen content below 3 ppm unfavorable for growth. Oxygen is necessary for life and growth of shrimp ranged from 4.5 to 7.0 mg/L. Meanwhile, according to Darmono (1991), dissolved oxygen content limit is
10°C increase in temperature of. This may imply that the water body will use twice as much oxygen at 30oC compared to 20oC. Life events and shrimp growth both directly and indirectly affected by changes in temperature. Certain limits on shrimp growth rate increases with increasing temperature, while the survival rate decreases at higher temperatures (Cholik, 1976 in Bakhtiar, 2004). Dissolved Oxygen (ppm) Dissolved oxygen is a basic requirement for plant and animal life in the water. An organism requires dissolved oxygen concentrations large enough for the growth and survival of life (Boyd, 1982 in Asni, 2004). Meanwhile, Wardoyo (1978) state that oxygen is essential for aquatic respiration others. Furthermore. Water oxygen during the study showed the value of shrimp larvae suitable for life because it has a range of between 5.29 to 6.60 mg/L. A treatment had 5.73 mg/L of dissolved oxygen in the afternoon and 6.49 mg/L in the morning with the distance between the morning and afternoon at 0.76 mg/L, treatment B afternoon dissolved oxygen value of 6.60 mg/L and at 6.30 am mg/L to 0.30 mg/L range, treatment C afternoon dissolved oxygen values of 6.25 mg/L and 5.87 mg/L in the morning with the distance between the morning and afternoon at 0.38 mg/L, further treatment D value of 5.87 mg/L oxygen afternoon and morning at 5.29 mg/L with the distance between the morning and afternoon at 0.58 ppm. Poernomo (1979) stated that oxygen is needed for respiration process, to be able to live and grow with the normal shrimp need oxygen dissolved in the water no less dri 3.5 mg/L. Waters with oxygen content below 3 ppm unfavorable for growth. Oxygen is necessary for life and growth of shrimp ranged from 4.5 to 7.0 mg/L. Meanwhile, according to Darmono (1991), dissolved oxygen content limit is
Table 2. The chemical water during the study
|
Experiment Unit Code
|
Ammonia (NH3)
|
Nitrite (NO2)
|
Nitrate (NO3)
|
DOM
|
|
A
|
0.54
|
0.02
|
3.72
|
42.25
|
|
B
|
0.41
|
0.02
|
3.98
|
40.32
|
|
C
|
0.53
|
0.03
|
3.55
|
41.67
|
|
D
|
0.63
|
0.03
|
5.19
|
36.23
|
|
Note : Values in mg/L
|
|
|
|
|
best for shrimp growth was 3.7 mg/L. Furthermore, Atmomarsono et al.
(1993) stated that
the content of dissolved oxygen in the water
that can support the growth of shrimp ranged from 3-10 mg/L.
Salinity (ppt)
Salinity is the average
concentration of salt contained in
sea water
(Asni, 2001). The water salinity
is 35
ppt during
the study. This
is in
accordance with the
opinion Nybakken (1988) which states
salinity in the open ocean has a narrow variation,
typically between 34-37 ppt with
an average
of 35
ppt. Meanwhile, according
to Martosudarmo
and Ranoemihardjo (1980) attribute
limit growth of shrimp larvae
in the range of 27-32 ppt salinity.
Salinity of the water also
affects
the osmotic
pressure of
the water where the
higher the salinity, the greater the osmotic
pressure (Ward, 1975 in Bakhtiar, 2004).
The Chemical Quality of Water
Maintenance medium levels of
ammonia water showed the highest
value at the treatment D at 0.63 ppm, following a treatment of
0.54 mg/L, 0.53 mg/ L treatment C and treatment B at 0.41 mg/L. According Wickins (1976)
in the
Bitter (1989), 0.45 mg/L levels of ammonia,
NH3-N inhibits the growth
rate of 50%, whereas the levels of 1.29 mg/L was
killing aquatic animals in general. Meanwhile,
Ahmad (1988) reported concentrations
of NH3 are safe for shrimp is smaller than 0.1 mg/L.
Nitrite (NO2)
Levels of nitrite in
water conservancy showed the highest
value at the treatment of
C and D respectively at 0.03
mg/L and the lowest in
treatment A and B respectively of 0.02 mg/L.
While nitrate levels in water media obtained at the highest
maintenance treatment D of 5.19 mg/L,
followed
by treatment B at 3.98 mg/L, 3.72 mg/L for treatment
A and treatment C was 3.55 mg/L. Dissolved Organic
Matter. Dissolved organic
matter in water cultivation showed the
highest value at the treatment A was 42.25, 41.67 C following treatment,
treatment B was 40.32, and treatment D at 36.23.
Growth
this method has a drawback because the crustaceans although
growth is directly
related
to the
change of skin, can occur in the absence of growth (Reeve, 1969 and Lee, 1971 in Wickins, 1976). The results showed that at the beginning of the study the average weight of 0.0001 gr of shrimp larvae for all treatments. On the day of the highest growth obtained
in the treatment of 0.004 gr A, following treatment B, C and D respectively 0.001 gr. On day 9, the highest growth is obtained on treatment B with an average
weight of 0,010 gr after treatment D at 0,008 gr, 0,007 gr C treatment and treatment A was 0.006 gr. Furthermore, at the end of the study obtained the highest growth in the treatment of 0.128 gr B, followed
by 0.089 gr treatment A, treatment C was 0.074 gr and the lowest growth in namely D treatment (control) of
0,010 g (Fig. 1).
Fig. 1. Growth of Shrimp Larvae
Low growth
on D treatment compared with treatment B allegedly caused by treatment D had a higher survival
rate than treatment B. This relates to the living room where the organism.
Survival
The results showed
that the highest survival rate
of shrimp test animals highest in treatment C was
84.8%, followed by 78.6% D treatment, treatment A
was 78.4% and 77.2% for treatment B (Table 3).
CONCLUSION
For the cultivation
of water
quality such
as temperature 29.40 ° C-31, 66oC, 35 ppt salinity, pH 7.33 to 7.47, 5.29 to 6.60 ppm oxygen, NH3 and nitrite under 1 ppm showed in laboratory values for life of shrimp larvae. Furthermore, growth at the end of the study showed that the highest growth was obtained on treatment B 0.128 gr, followed by 0.089 gr treatment A, treatment C was 0.074 gr and the lowest growth in namely D treatment (control) of 0.010 gr. While the highest survival rate of shrimp test animals highest in treatment C was 84.8%, followed by 78.6% D treatment, treatment A was 78.4% and 77.2% for treatment B.
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